What is Muharram? Muharram is the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar and is considered one of the four sacred months in Islam. It holds immense religious significance for Muslims across the world. The name “Muharram” literally means “forbidden” and highlights the sanctity of this month.
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The Significance of Muharram in Islam
In Islamic tradition, Muharram is not just the beginning of a new year but a time for reflection, remembrance, and spirituality. It is one of the four sacred months mentioned in the Qur’an in which warfare and conflict were traditionally prohibited.
According to the Quran:
“Indeed, the number of months with Allah is twelve [lunar] months in the register of Allah [from] the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred…” — Surah At-Tawbah 9:36
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) described fasting during Muharram, especially on the 10th day (Ashura), as highly rewarding. He said:
“The best of fasting after Ramadan is fasting Allah’s month of Muharram.” — Sahih Muslim 1163
What is Muharram? – Historical Context
One of the most tragic and significant events that occurred during Muharram is the Battle of Karbala, which took place on the 10th of Muharram in 680 AD (61 AH). This day is known as Ashura.
On this day, Imam Hussain ibn Ali, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), was martyred along with his family and companions. He stood against the tyrannical rule of Yazid and chose martyrdom over submission. This incident marks a pivotal moment in Islamic history, particularly for the Shia Muslim community, which commemorates the event with mourning, processions, and recitations.
How Do Muslims Observe Muharram?
The observance of Muharram differs slightly between Sunni and Shia Muslims, though both revere its importance.
Sunni Muslims:
- Fasting on Ashura (10th Muharram) is a common practice.
- It is recommended to also fast on the 9th or 11th to distinguish it from the Jewish tradition of fasting on the 10th.
- Many reflect on the story of Prophet Musa (Moses), as it is believed that God saved the Israelites from Pharaoh on this day.
Shia Muslims:
- The first 10 days, especially Ashura, are marked with intense mourning rituals.
- They commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Hussain through Majalis (gatherings), Nauhas (elegies), and Matam (chest-beating).
- Some communities also participate in symbolic reenactments of the Battle of Karbala.
Global Observance of Muharram
Different countries have unique ways of observing Muharram:
- Pakistan & India: Large processions, poetry recitations (Marsiyas), and communal meals.
- Iran: Passion plays (Ta’ziya) are performed.
- Iraq (Karbala): Millions of pilgrims visit the shrine of Imam Hussain.
- Lebanon & Bahrain: Public mourning and religious lectures.
Importance of Muharram for Muslims Today
Muharram is not merely a historical commemoration. It is a month that reminds Muslims of:
- Courage and sacrifice in the face of oppression.
- The importance of justice, truth, and standing up for what is right.
- Spiritual renewal and starting the new year with devotion and self-purification.
Final Thoughts
What is Muharram? It’s more than just the beginning of the Islamic year — it is a sacred time to reflect, remember, and renew our faith. Whether through fasting, mourning, or prayer, Muslims around the world observe Muharram as a period of reverence, mourning, and spiritual discipline.